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An '''earthquake''' or '''seism''' is the result of a sudden release of energy in the [[Earth]]'s [[crust (geology)|crust]] that creates [[seismic wave]]s. Earthquakes are recorded with a [[seismometer]], also known as a seismograph. The [[Moment magnitude scale|moment magnitude]] of an earthquake is conventionally reported, or the related and mostly obsolete [[Richter magnitude scale|Richter]] magnitude, with magnitude 3 or lower earthquakes being mostly [[wikt:imperceptible|imperceptible]] and magnitude 7 causing serious damage over large areas. Intensity of shaking is measured on the modified [[Mercalli intensity scale|Mercalli scale]].
 
{{Övversaz uß|en}} ävver noch lang nit komplätt
At the Earth's surface, earthquakes manifest themselves by shaking and sometimes displacing the ground. When a large earthquake [[epicenter]] is located offshore, the seabed sometimes suffers sufficient displacement to cause a [[tsunami]]. The shaking in earthquakes can also trigger landslides and occasionally volcanic activity.
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Aadbevve}}
In its most generic sense, the word ''earthquake'' is used to describe any seismic event—whether a natural [[phenomenon]] or an event caused by humans—that generates [[seismic wave]]s. Earthquakes are caused mostly by rupture of geological [[Fault (geology)|faults]], but also by volcanic activity, landslides, mine blasts, and nuclear experiments. An earthquake's point of initial rupture is called its [[focus (earthquake)|focus]] or [[hypocenter]]. The term [[epicenter]] refers to the point at ground level directly above this.
 
[[Image:Quake epicenters 1963-98.png|thumb|300px|Global earthquake [[epicenter]]s, 1963–1998]]
 
[[Image:Global plate motion 2008-04-17.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Global plate tectonic movement]]
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==Naturally occurring earthquakes==
[[Image:Fault types.png|thumb|right|Fault types]]
 
Tectonic earthquakes will occur anywhere within the earth where there is sufficient stored elastic strain energy to drive fracture propagation along a [[fault plane]]. In the case of [[Transform boundary|transform]] or [[Convergent boundary|convergent]] type plate boundaries, which form the largest fault surfaces on earth, they will move past each other smoothly and [[Aseismic creep|aseismically]] only if there are no irregularities or [[Asperity|asperities]] along the boundary that increase the frictional resistance. Most boundaries do have such asperities and this leads to a form of [[Stick-slip phenomenon|stick-slip behaviour]]. Once the boundary has locked, continued relative motion between the plates leads to increasing stress and therefore, stored strain energy in the volume around the fault surface. This continues until the stress has risen sufficiently to break through the asperity, suddenly allowing sliding over the locked portion of the fault, releasing the stored energy. This energy is released as a combination of radiated elastic [[Strain (materials science)|strain]] [[seismic waves]], frictional heating of the fault surface, and cracking of the rock, thus causing an earthquake. This process of gradual build-up of strain and stress punctuated by occasional sudden earthquake failure is referred to as the [[Elastic-rebound theory]]. It is estimated that only 10 percent or less of an earthquake's total energy is radiated as seismic energy. Most of the earthquake's energy is used to power the earthquake [[Fracture (geology)|fracture]] growth or is converted into heat generated by friction. Therefore, earthquakes lower the Earth's available elastic potential energy and raise its temperature, though these changes are negligible compared to the conductive and convective flow of heat out from the Earth's deep interior.<ref name="USGS1">{{cite web | last = Spence | first = William | coauthors = S. A. Sipkin, G. L. Choy | title = Measuring the Size of an Earthquake | publisher = [[United States Geological Survey]] | date= 1989 | url = http://earthquake.usgs.gov/learning/topics/measure.php|accessdate = 2006-11-03 }}</ref>
 
===Earthquake fault types===
{{main|Fault (geology)}}
There are three main types of fault that may cause an earthquake: normal, reverse (thrust) and strike-slip. Normal and reverse faulting are examples of dip-slip, where the displacement along the fault is in the direction of [[Strike and dip|dip]] and movement on them involves a vertical component. Normal faults occur mainly in areas where the crust is being [[Extensional tectonics|extended]] such as a divergent boundary. Reverse faults occur in areas where the crust is being [[Thrust tectonics|shortened]] such as at a convergent boundary. Strike-slip faults are steep structures where the two sides of the fault slip horizontally past each other ; transform boundaries are a particular type of strike-slip fault. Many earthquakes are caused by movement on faults that have components of both dip-slip and strike-slip; this is known as oblique slip.
 
===Earthquakes away from plate boundaries===
Where plate boundaries occur within continental lithosphere, deformation is spread out a over a much larger area than the plate boundary itself. In the case of the [[San Andreas fault]] continental transform, many earthquakes occur away from the plate boundary and are related to strains developed within the broader zone of deformation caused by major irregularities in the fault trace (e.g. the “Big bend” region). The [[Northridge earthquake]] was associated with movement on a blind thrust within such a zone. Another example is the strongly oblique convergent plate boundary between the [[Arabian plate|Arabian]] and [[Eurasian plate]]s where it runs through the northwestern part of the [[Zagros]] mountains. The deformation associated with this plate boundary is partitioned into nearly pure thrust sense movements perpendicular to the boundary over a wide zone to the southwest and nearly pure strike-slip motion along the Main Recent Fault close to the actual plate boundary itself. This is demonstrated by earthquake [[focal mechanism]]s. <ref> Talebian, M. Jackson, J. 2004. A reappraisal of earthquake focal mechanisms and active shortening in the Zagros mountains of Iran. Geophysical Journal International, 156, pages 506-526</ref>
 
All tectonic plates have internal stress fields caused by their interactions with neighbouring plates and sedimentary loading or unloading (e.g. deglaciation). These stresses may be sufficient to cause failure along existing fault planes, giving rise to [[intraplate earthquake]]s.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Noson, Qamar, and Thorsen|date=1988|title=Washington State Earthquake Hazards: Washington State Department of Natural Resources|publisher=Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources Information Circular 85}}</ref>
 
===Shallow-focus and deep-focus earthquakes===
The majority of tectonic earthquakes originate at the ring of fire in depths not exceeding tens of kilometers. Earthquakes occurring at a depth of less than 70 km are classified as 'shallow-focus' earthquakes, while those with a focal-depth between 70 and 300 km are commonly termed 'mid-focus' or 'intermediate-depth' earthquakes. In [[Subduction|subduction zones]], where older and colder [[oceanic crust]] descends beneath another tectonic plate, [[Deep focus earthquake|deep-focus earthquake]]s may occur at much greater depths (ranging from 300 up to 700 kilometers).<ref>{{cite web
| publisher=USGS
| title = M7.5 Northern Peru Earthquake of 26 September 2005
| year=
| pages =
| publisher =
| date =
| url = ftp://hazards.cr.usgs.gov/maps/sigeqs/20050926/20050926.pdf
| format= pdf
| accessdate = 2008-08-01 }}</ref> These seismically active areas of subduction are known as [[Wadati-Benioff zone]]s. Deep-focus earthquakes occur at a depth at which the subducted [[lithosphere]] should no longer be brittle, due to the high temperature and pressure. A possible mechanism for the generation of deep-focus earthquakes is faulting caused by [[olivine]] undergoing a [[phase transition]] into a [[spinel]] structure.<ref name="olivine">{{cite journal
| last = Greene
| first = H. W.
| authorlink =
| coauthors = Burnley, P. C.
| title = A new self-organizing mechanism for deep-focus earthquakes
| journal = Nature
| volume = 341
| issue =
| pages = 733–737
| publisher =
| date = 26 October 1989
| url =
| doi = 10.1038/341733a0
| id =
| accessdate = }}</ref>
 
===Earthquakes and volcanic activity===
Earthquakes also often occur in volcanic regions and are caused there, both by tectonic faults and by the movement of [[magma]] in [[volcano]]es. Such earthquakes can serve as an early warning of volcanic eruptions, like during the [[Mount St. Helens]] [[1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens|eruption of 1980]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Foxworthy and Hill|date=1982|title=Volcanic Eruptions of 1980 at Mount St. Helens, The First 100 Days: USGS Professional Paper 1249}}</ref>
 
===Earthquake clusters===
Most earthquakes form part of a sequence, related to each other in terms of location and time.<ref name=WAAFEC>{{Cite web|url=http://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqcenter/step/explain.php|title=What are Aftershocks, Foreshocks, and Earthquake Clusters?}}</ref>
 
====Aftershocks====
{{Main|Aftershock}}
An aftershock is an earthquake that occurs after a previous earthquake, the mainshock. An aftershock is in the same region of the main shock but always of a smaller magnitude. If an aftershock is larger than the main shock, the aftershock is redesignated as the main shock and the original main shock is redesignated as a [[foreshock]]. Aftershocks are formed as the crust around the displaced [[fault plane]] adjusts to the effects of the main shock.<ref name=WAAFEC/>
 
====Earthquake swarms====
[[Image:MexicaliEarthquakeSwarm.gif|thumb|200px|right|February 2008 earthquake swarm near Mexicali]]
{{Main|Earthquake swarm}}
Earthquake swarms are sequences of [[earthquake]]s striking in a specific area within a short period of time. They are different from earthquakes followed by a series of [[aftershock]]s by the fact that no single earthquake in the sequence is obviously the main shock, therefore none have notable higher magnitudes than the other. An example of an earthquake swarm is the 2004 activity at [[Yellowstone National Park]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/yvo/2004/Apr04Swarm.html|title=Earthquake Swarms at Yellowstone|publisher=[[USGS]]|accessdate=2008-09-15}}</ref>
 
====Earthquake storms====
{{Main|Earthquake storm}}
Sometimes a series of earthquakes occur in a sort of [[earthquake storm]], where the earthquakes strike a fault in clusters, each triggered by the shaking or stress redistribution of the previous earthquakes. Similar to [[aftershock]]s but on adjacent segments of fault, these storms occur over the course of years, and with some of the later earthquakes as damaging as the early ones. Such a pattern was observed in the sequence of about a dozen earthquakes that struck the [[North Anatolian Fault]] in Turkey in the 20th century and has been inferred for older anomalous clusters of large earthquakes in the Middle East.<ref>{{cite journal | title = Poseidon’s Horses: Plate Tectonics and Earthquake Storms in the Late Bronze Age Aegean and Eastern Mediterranean | journal = [[Journal of Archaeological Science]] | year = 2000 | author = Amos Nur | issn = 0305-4403 | volume = 27 | pages = 43–63 | url = http://water.stanford.edu/nur/EndBronzeage.pdf | doi = 10.1006/jasc.1999.0431 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/2003/earthquakestorms.shtml | title = Earthquake Storms | work = [[Horizon (BBC TV series)|Horizon]] | date = 9pm 1 April 2003 | accessdate = 2007-05-02 }}</ref>
 
==Size and frequency of occurrence==
Minor earthquakes occur nearly constantly around the world in places like [[California]] and [[Alaska]] in the U.S., as well as in [[Guatemala]]. [[Chile]], [[Peru]], [[Indonesia]], [[Iran]], [[Pakistan]], the [[Azores]] in [[Portugal]], [[Turkey]], [[New Zealand]], [[Greece]], Italy, and Japan, but earthquakes can occur almost anywhere, including [[New York City]], [[London]], and Australia.<ref>
{{cite web
| url=http://earthquake.usgs.gov/
| title=Earthquake Hazards Program
| publisher=[[USGS]]
| accessdate=2006-08-14
}}</ref> Larger earthquakes occur less frequently, the relationship being [[Gutenberg-Richter law|exponential]]; for example, roughly ten times as many earthquakes larger than magnitude 4 occur in a particular time period than earthquakes larger than magnitude 5. In the (low seismicity) United Kingdom, for example, it has been calculated that the average recurrences are:
an earthquake of 3.7 - 4.6 every year, an earthquake of 4.7 - 5.5 every 10 years, and an earthquake of 5.6 or larger every 100 years. <ref>[http://www.quakes.bgs.ac.uk/hazard/Hazard_UK.htm Seismicity and earthquake hazard in the UK]</ref> This is an example of the [[Gutenberg-Richter law]].
 
The number of seismic stations has increased from about 350 in 1931 to many thousands today. As a result, many more earthquakes are reported than in the past, but this is because of the vast improvement in instrumentation, rather than an increase in the number of earthquakes. The [[USGS]] estimates that, since 1900, there have been an average of 18 major earthquakes (magnitude 7.0-7.9) and one great earthquake (magnitude 8.0 or greater) per year, and that this average has been relatively stable.<ref>
{{cite web
| title=Common Myths about Earthquakes
| url=http://earthquake.usgs.gov/learning/faq.php?categoryID=6&faqID=110
| publisher=[[USGS]]
| accessdate=2006-08-14
}}</ref> In recent years, the number of major earthquakes per year has decreased, although this is thought likely to be a [[statistical fluctuation]] rather than a systematic trend. More detailed statistics on the size and frequency of earthquakes is available from the USGS.<ref>
{{cite web
| title=Earthquake Facts and Statistics: Are earthquakes increasing?
| url=http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/eqlists/eqstats.html
| publisher=[[USGS]]
| accessdate=2006-08-14
}}</ref>
 
Most of the world's earthquakes (90%, and 81% of the largest) take place in the 40,000-km-long, horseshoe-shaped zone called the [[Pacific Ring of Fire|circum-Pacific seismic belt]], also known as the [[Pacific Ring of Fire]], which for the most part bounds the [[Pacific Plate]].<ref>
{{cite web
| title=Historic Earthquakes and Earthquake Statistics: Where do earthquakes occur?
| url=http://earthquake.usgs.gov/learning/faq.php?categoryID=11&faqID=95
| publisher=[[USGS]]
| accessdate=2006-08-14
}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web
| url=http://earthquake.usgs.gov/learning/glossary.php?termID=150
| publisher=[[USGS]]
| title=Visual Glossary - Ring of Fire
| accessdate=2006-08-14
}}</ref> Massive earthquakes tend to occur along other plate boundaries, too, such as along the [[Himalayan Mountains]]. Humans can cause earthquakes for example by constructing large [[dam]]s and [[building]]s, drilling and injecting liquid into [[water well|well]]s, and by [[coal mining]] and [[oil well|oil drilling]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Madrigal, Alexis|title=Top 5 Ways to Cause a Man-Made Earthquake|url=http://blog.wired.com/wiredscience/2008/06/top-5-ways-that.html|date=4 June 2008|work=Wired News|publisher=CondéNet|accessdate=2008-06-05}}</ref>
 
With the rapid growth of [[Megacity|mega-cities]] such as [[Mexico City]], [[Tokyo]] or [[Tehran]], in areas of high seismic risk, some seismologists are warning that a single quake may claim the lives of up to 3 million people.<ref>[http://cires.colorado.edu/~bilham/UrbanEarthquakesGlobal.html Global urban seismic risk]</ref><ref>[http://www.iranian.ws/iran_news/publish/article_23761.shtml Earthquake safety in Iran and other developing countries]</ref>
 
==Effects/impacts of earthquakes==
[[Image:1755 Lisbon earthquake.jpg|thumb|400px|1755 copper engraving depicting [[Lisbon]] in ruins and in flames after the [[1755 Lisbon earthquake]]. A [[tsunami]] overwhelms the ships in the harbor.]]
 
There are many effects of earthquakes including, but not limited to the following:
=== Shaking and ground rupture===
Shaking and ground rupture are the main effects created by earthquakes, principally resulting in more or less severe damage to buildings or other rigid structures. The severity of the local effects depends on the complex combination of the earthquake [[Richter magnitude scale|magnitude]], the distance from [[epicenter]], and the local geological and geomorphological conditions, which may amplify or reduce [[wave propagation]].<ref>[http://www.abag.ca.gov/bayarea/eqmaps/doc/contents.html On Shaky Ground, Association of Bay Area Governments, San Francisco, reports 1995,1998 (updated 2003)]</ref> The ground-shaking is measured by ground [[acceleration]].
 
Specific local geological, geomorphological, and geostructural features can induce high levels of shaking on the ground surface even from low-intensity earthquakes. This effect is called site or local amplification. It is principally due to the transfer of the [[seismic]] motion from hard deep soils to soft superficial soils and to effects of seismic energy focalization owing to typical geometrical setting of the deposits.
 
Ground rupture is a visible breaking and displacement of the earth's surface along the trace of the fault, which may be of the order of few metres in the case of major earthquakes. Ground rupture is a major risk for large engineering structures such as [[dams]], [[bridges]] and [[nuclear power stations]] and requires careful mapping of existing faults to identify any likely to break the ground surface within the life of the structure.<ref>[http://www.consrv.ca.gov/cgs/information/publications/cgs_notes/note_49/Documents/note_49.pdf Guidelines for evaluating the hazard of surface fault rupture, California Geological Survey]</ref>
 
===Landslides and avalanches===
{{main|Landslide}}
Landslides are a major geologic hazard because they can happen at any place in the world, much like earthquakes. Severe storms, earthquakes, volcanic activity, coastal wave attack, and wildfires can all produce slope instability. Landslide danger may be possible even though emergency personnel are attempting rescue.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.usgs.gov/hazards/landslides/|title=Natural Hazards - Landslides|publisher=[[USGS]]|accessdate=2008-09-15}}</ref>
 
===Fires===
[[Image:Sfearthquake3b.jpg|thumb|400px|right|Fires of the [[1906 San Francisco earthquake]]]]
Following an earthquake, [[fire]]s can be generated by break of the [[electric power|electrical power]] or gas lines. In the event of water mains rupturing and a loss of pressure, it may also become difficult to stop the spread of a fire once it has started. For example, the deaths in the [[1906 San Francisco earthquake]] were caused more by the fires than by the earthquake itself.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/nca/1906/18april/index.php|title=The Great 1906 San Francisco earthquake of 1906|publisher=[[USGS]]|accessdate=2008-09-15}}</ref>
 
===Soil liquefaction===
[[Soil liquefaction]] occurs when, because of the shaking, water-saturated [[granular]] material (such as sand) temporarily loses its strength and transforms from a [[solid]] to a [[liquid]]. Soil liquefaction may cause rigid structures, as buildings or bridges, to tilt or sink into the liquefied deposits. This can be a devastating effect of earthquakes. For example, in the [[1964 Alaska earthquake]], many buildings were sunk into the ground by soil liquefaction, eventually collapsing upon themselves.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/events/1964_03_28.php|title=Historic Earthquakes -1946 Anchorage Earthquake|publisher=[[USGS]]|accessdate=2008-09-15}}</ref>
 
=== Tsunami ===
[[Image:2004-tsunami.jpg|thumb|left|200px|The tsunami of the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake]]]]
{{main|Tsunami}}
Tsunamis are long-wavelength, long-period sea waves produced by an sudden or abrupt movement of large volumes of water. In the open ocean, the distance between wave crests can surpass 100 kilometers, and the wave periods can vary from five minutes to one hour. Such tsunamis travel 600-800 kilometers per hour, depending on water depth. Large waves produced by an earthquake or a submarine landslide can overrun nearby coastal areas in a matter of minutes. Tsunamis can also travel thousands of kilometers across open ocean and wreak destruction on far shores hours after the earthquake that generated them.<ref name=Noson>{{Cite book|last=Noson, Qamar, and Thorsen|publisher=Washington State Earthquake Hazards|date=1988|title=Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources Information Circular 85}}</ref>
Ordinarily, subduction earthquakes under magnitude 7.5 on the richter scale do not cause tsunamis. However, there have been recorded instances, yet most destructive tsunamis are caused by magnitude 7.5 plus earthquakes.<ref name=Noson/>
 
Tsunamis are distinct from tidal waves, because in a tsunami, water flows straight instead of in a circle like the typical wave. Earthquake-triggered landslides into the sea can also cause tsunamis.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.weatherwizkids.com/earthquake1.htm|last=Wicker, Crystal|title=Earthquakes|publisher=Crystal Wicker/Weather Wiz Kids}}</ref>
 
=== Floods ===
{{main|Flood}}
A flood is an overflow of any amount of water that reaches land.<Ref>[[MSN Encarta]] Dictionary. [http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/DictionaryResults.aspx?refid=1861612277 Flood]. Retrieved on [[2006-12-28]].</ref> Floods usually occur because of the volume of water within a body of water, such as a river or lake, exceeds the total capacity of the formation, and as a result some of the water flows or sits outside of the normal perimeter of the body. However, floods may be secondary effects of earthquakes, if dams are damaged. Earthquakes may cause landslips to dam rivers, which then collapse and cause floods.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.quakes.bgs.ac.uk/earthquakes/historical/historical_listing.htm|title=Notes on Historical Earthquakes|publisher=[[British Geological Survey]]|accessdate=2008-09-15}}</ref>
 
The terrain below the [[Sarez Lake]] in [[Tajikistan]] is in danger of catastrophic flood if the [[landslide dam]] formed by the earthquake, known as the [[Usoi Dam]], were to fail during a future earthquake. Impact projections suggest the flood could affect roughly 5 million people.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3120693.stm|title=Fresh alert over Tajik flood threat|date=2003-08-03|work=[[BBC News]]|accessdate=2008-09-15}}</ref>
 
===Human impacts===
Earthquakes may result in [[disease]], lack of basic necessities, loss of life, higher insurance premiums, general property damage, road and bridge damage, and collapse of buildings or destabilization of the base of buildings which may lead to collapse in future earthquakes. Earthquakes can also lead to volcanic eruptions, which cause further damages such as substantial crop damage, like in the "[[Year Without a Summer]]" (1816).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.discoverychannel.co.uk/earth/year_without_summer/facts/index.shtml|title=Facts about The Year Without a Summer|publisher=National Geographic UK}}</ref>
 
Most of civilization agrees that human death is the most significant human impact of earthquakes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange1/current/lectures/nat_hazards/nat_hazards.html|title=Earthquakes and Volcanoes|publisher=University of Michigan}}</ref>
 
==Preparation for earthquakes==
Today, there are ways to protect and prepare possible sites of earthquakes from severe damage, through the following processes: [[Earthquake engineering]], [[Earthquake preparedness]], [[Household seismic safety]], [[Seismic retrofit]] (including special fasteners, materials, and techniques), [[Seismic hazard]], [[Mitigation of seismic motion]], and [[Earthquake prediction]].
 
==Earthquakes in mythology and religion==
In [[Norse mythology]], earthquakes were explained as the violent struggling of the god [[Loki]]. When Loki, [[Aesir|god]] of mischief and strife, murdered [[Baldr]], god of beauty and light, he was punished by being bound in a cave with a poisonous serpent placed above his head dripping venom. Loki's wife [[Sigyn]] stood by him with a bowl to catch the poison, but whenever she had to empty the bowl the poison would drip on Loki's face, forcing him to jerk his head away and thrash against his bonds, causing the earth to tremble.<ref>{{cite book|last=[[Snorri Sturluson|Sturluson, Snorri]]|title=[[Prose Edda]]|date=1220}}</ref>
 
In [[Greek mythology]], [[Poseidon]] was the god of and cause earthquakes. When he was in a bad mood, he would strike the ground with a [[trident]], causing this and other calamities. He also used earthquakes to punish and inflict fear upon people as revenge.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pantheon.org/articles/p/poseidon.html|title=Poseidon|last=Sellers|first=Paige|date=1997-03-03|work=Encyclopedia Mythica|accessdate=2008-09-02}}</ref>
 
==See also==
{{wiktionarypar|earthquake}}
<div style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
 
*[[Earthquake insurance]]
*[[Earthquake loss]]
*[[List of earthquakes]]
*[[List of deadly earthquakes since 1900|List of all deadly earthquakes since 1900]]
*[[List of natural disasters by death toll#Earthquakes|List of earthquakes by death toll]]
</div>
 
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
 
== External links ==
{{commons|Earthquake}}
 
===Educational===
*{{HSW|12-of-the-most-destructive-earthquakes|12 of the Most Destructive Earthquakes}}
* [http://www.edu4hazards.org/earthquake.html How to survive an earthquake - Guide for children and youth]
*[http://www.geo-world.org/earthquake Guide to earthquakes and plate tectonics]
*[http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/earthq1/ ''Earthquakes''] — an educational booklet by Kaye M. Shedlock & Louis C. Pakiser
*[http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/earthq4/severitygip.html The Severity of an Earthquake]
*[http://earthquake.usgs.gov/faq/ USGS Earthquake FAQs]
*[http://www.iris.edu/seismon/ IRIS Seismic Monitor] - maps all earthquakes in the past five years.
*[http://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqcenter/recenteqsww/ Latest Earthquakes in the World] - maps all earthquakes in the past week.
*[http://www.whoi.edu/page.do?pid=12460 Earthquake Information from the Deep Ocean Exploration Institute], [[Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution]]
*[http://www.geo.mtu.edu/UPSeis/locating.html Geo.Mtu.Edu] — How to locate an earthquake's epicenter
*[http://nisee.berkeley.edu/elibrary/browse/kozak?eq=5234 Photos/images of historic earthquakes]
*[http://www.earthquakecountry.info/ earthquakecountry.info] Answers to FAQs about Earthquakes and Earthquake Preparedness
*[http://www.guardian.co.uk/flash/0,5860,1121610,00.html Interactive guide: Earthquakes] - an educational presentation by [[Guardian Unlimited]]
*[http://geowall.geo.lsa.umich.edu/visualization.html Geowall] — an educational 3D presentation system for looking at and understanding earthquake data
*[http://www.sciencecourseware.com/VirtualEarthquake/ Virtual Earthquake] - educational site explaining how epicenters are located and magnitude is determined
*[http://science.howstuffworks.com/earthquake.htm HowStuffWorks — How Earthquakes Work]
*[http://archives.cbc.ca/IDD-1-75-1561/science_technology/earthquakes_and_tsunamis/ CBC Digital Archives — Canada's Earthquakes and Tsunamis]
*[http://www.dmoz.org/Science/Earth_Sciences/Geophysics/Earthquakes/ Earthquakes Educational Resources - dmoz]
 
===Seismological data centers===
====Europe====
*[http://www.isc.ac.uk/ International Seismological Centre (ISC)]
*[http://www.emsc-csem.org/ European-Mediterranean Seismological Centre (EMSC)]
*[http://www.gfz-potsdam.de/geofon/seismon/globmon.html Global Seismic Monitor at GFZ Potsdam]
*[http://tsunami.geo.ed.ac.uk/local-bin/quakes/mapscript/demo_run.pl Global Earthquake Report – chart]
*[http://hraun.vedur.is/ja/englishweb/index.html Earthquakes in Iceland during the last 48 hours]
*[http://www.ingv.it Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), Italy]
*[http://www.ingv.it/DISS/ Database of Individual Seismogenic Sources (DISS), Central Mediterranean]
*[http://www.meteo.pt/opencms/im/en/sismologia/sismObservGeral.jsp Portuguese Meteorological Institute (Seismic activity during the last month)]
 
====Japan====
*[http://www.jma.go.jp/en/quake/ Earthquake Information of Japan, Japan Meteorological Agency]
*[http://iisee.kenken.go.jp/ International Institute of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering (IISEE)]
*[http://www.kenken.go.jp/english/index.html Building Research Institute]
*[http://iisee.kenken.go.jp/utsu/ Database for the damage of world earthquake, ancient period (3000 BC) to year of 2006]- Building Research Institute (Japan) ([[:ja:建築研究所|建築研究所]]) in Japanese
*[http://weathernews.jp/quake/ Seismic activity in last 7 days - Weathernews Inc.], indicated with circled [[Japan Meteorological Agency seismic intensity scale|shindo (震度)]] scale and it's location.
**[http://weathernews.com/wpfglobal.xbap Weathernews Inc, Global web site]
 
====New Zealand====
*[http://www.geonet.org.nz/earthquake/quakes/latest.html GeoNet - New Zealand Earthquake Report (latest and recent quakes)]
 
====United States====
*[http://neic.usgs.gov/ The U.S. National Earthquake Information Center]
*[http://www.data.scec.org/ Southern California Earthquake Data Center]
*[http://www.scec.org The Southern California Earthquake Center (SCEC)]
*[http://www.earthquakecountry.info/roots/ Putting Down Roots in Earthquake Country] An Earthquake Science and Preparedness Handbook produced by SCEC
*[http://www.data.scec.org/recenteqs/Quakes/quakes0.html Recent earthquakes in California and Nevada ]
*[http://rev.seis.sc.edu Seismograms for recent earthquakes via REV, the Rapid Earthquake Viewer]
*[http://www.iris.edu Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS)], earthquake database and software
*[http://www.iris.edu/seismon/ IRIS Seismic Monitor] - world map of recent earthquakes
*[http://www.iris.edu/seismo/ SeismoArchives] - seismogram archives of significant earthquakes of the world
 
===Seismic scales===
*[http://www.gfz-potsdam.de/pb5/pb53/projekt/ems/ The European Macroseismic Scale]
 
===Scientific information===
* {{cite web
| url=http://simscience.org/crackling/Advanced/Earthquakes/GutenbergRichter.html
| title=Earthquake Magnitudes and the Gutenberg-Richter Law
| publisher=[http://simscience.org/index.html SimScience]
| accessdate=2006-08-14
}}
* {{cite journal
| author=Hiroo Kanamori, Emily E. Brodsky
| title=The Physics of Earthquakes
| journal=Physics Today
| year=2001
| month=June
| volume=54
| issue=6
| pages=34
| url=http://www.physicstoday.org/pt/vol-54/iss-6/p34.html
| doi=10.1063/1.1387590
}}
 
===Miscellaneous===
*[http://www.china-quake.com/ Reports on China Sichuan earthquake 12/05/2008]
*[http://www.kashmirearthquake.com/ Kashmir Relief & Development Foundation (KRDF)]
*[http://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/earthquake/ PBS NewsHour - Predicting Earthquakes]
*[http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/eqlists/10maps_world.html USGS – Largest earthquakes in the world since 1900]
*[http://www.armageddononline.org/earthquake.php The Destruction of Earthquakes] - a list of the worst earthquakes ever recorded
*[http://www.losangelesearthquakes.com Los Angeles Earthquakes plotted on a Google map]
*[http://www.em-dat.net the EM-DAT International Disaster Database]
*[http://www.earthquakearchive.com Earthquake Newspaper Articles Archive]
*[http://www.earth-quake.org Earth-quake.org]
*[http://www.petquake.org PetQuake.org]- official PETSAAF system which relies on strange or atypical animal behavior to predict earthquakes.(Link broken 03:33, 2 June 2008 (UTC))
*[http://carlogesualdo.altervista.org/pagine/terremoto_irpinia_1980.htm A series of earthquakes in southern Italy - 23 November 1980, Gesualdo ]
*[http://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqcenter/recenteqsww/ Recent Quakes WorldWide]
*[http://www.aus-emaps.com/earthquakesRSS.php Real-time earthquakes on Google Map, Australia and rest of the world]
*[http://earthquakedb.com Earthquake Information] - detailed statistics and integrated with Google Maps and Google Earth
*[http://kharita.rm.ingv.it/Gmaps/rec/en/index.htm Kharita - INGV portal for Digital Cartography] - Last earthquakes recorded by INGV Italian Network (with Google Maps)
*[http://kharita.rm.ingv.it/Gmaps/reg/en/index.htm Kharita - INGV portal for Digital Cartography] - Italian Seismicity by region 1981-2006 (with Google Maps)
 
{{Geotechnical engineering|state=collapsed}}
 
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